This research is an example of _____ research. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.a. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if A ______ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. . It has a large number of potential solutions. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. /F11 13 0 R When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Which of the following is an operator for the acrobat problem?a. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweightb. an initial stateb. b. Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps, Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The tuna swam away across the pond." - insight problem solvers are not aware of how close they are to the solution. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. multiple goal states.c. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. >> experience and sometimes do not. /Name /F8 /Name /F7 << Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? The population of the town of Plymouth was 7,9507,9507,950 and decreasing by 505050 residents per year. Cecile's emotions are influenced by. a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor, b. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.b. Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. /BaseFont /Courier-BoldOblique Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? Give Me Liberty! b. noticing, mapping, and applying. /Name /F12 low-pressureb. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involvesa. well-definedc. /F7 9 0 R intermediate states.b. colorc. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. b. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. PDF Intuitive Feelings of Warmth and Confidence in Insight and Noninsight 8 0 obj Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. Arrange acrobats in order of ascending size from left to rightb. How can knowledge of human relations help in the work place. high-pressurec. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. d. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. goal state.c. >> d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is, One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they. b. situationally-produced mental set, c. environmental functional fixedness. swingingc. In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. /Resources The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach.a. intermediate states. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. frequently used object.d. << One stop for all your course learning material, explainations, examples and practice questions. goalc. Dual systems theory suggests that we have two systems that operate in cognition: one involving a fast, intuitive, non-conscious process, and the other, a slower, reflective, conscious processing system. 10 0 obj 16 0 obj Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? insight.b. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems.c. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. warmth Insight- remain low until just before the problem is solved, Successful problem-solving is a result of, restructuring the representation of the problem, focus on specific characteristics of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions, functional fixedness hinders problem solving. The sudden realization of a problem's solution Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. 11 0 obj The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. /XObject 19 0 R Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices.b. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? /agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla Chapter 12 - Test Bank - Chapter 12 1. Janet is alone in a - Studocu object with a specific function. flexibilityd. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? /Differences [ 128/.notdef/quoteleft/quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/emdash/bullet/.notdef creating subgoals, In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checker-board problem. A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. The typical purpose of subgoals is toa. Only one acrobat may jump at a timec. /Type /Font Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? endobj asked us to determine the length of the segment marked x if the radius of the circle has a length r once we realize that the diagonal i the radius of the circle we can conclude that the length of x equals the length of radius r =, what is important about kohler circle problem, doesn't require mathematical equations the solution is obtained by first receiving the object and then representing it in a different way, process of changing the problems representation, sudden realization of a problems solution aha experience, did an experiment to distinguish between insight and non insight problems =, particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution, gave participants insight problems and non insight problems and asked to make warmth judgments every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems hot is 7 indicating they believes they were getting close to the solution =, insight or nonishgt problem and time before solution, for isngith problems warmth reaimned low at or 3 just before the problem is solved and for algebra problems ratings gradually increased until problem was solved - insight occurs suddenly, illustrates how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving =, solution to dunkers 1945 candle problem =, when person realizes the matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container, group presented with boxes full frounf task more difficult than group with empty boxes, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions =, participants given 3 jugs to measure out specify quantity of water =. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)________. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. c. performance is the same for both tasks. a. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustratea. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before th, Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection, Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:a. restructuring, searching, and simulating.b. The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determinea. The purpose of this experiment was to Tw string problem Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as: the elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: bring the problem solver closer & closer to the goal state. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." What fraction of 105 is 513?5 \frac{1}{3} ?531? In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. d. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as. initial state.d. warmth judgments.d. >> << mental set. /Name /F1 was to: demonstrate a diff. mental sets. The purpose of this experiment was to, Ann takes the street to the south when heading southbound to work, but that street is closed for repairs. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight. subgoals. 5 0 obj /egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis Therefore, the two problems have very differenta. mental sets. How will Janet retrieve the book? fewer tacks are provided.b. b. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. 37. endobj By doing this, Dr. Bonnie is using. b. laboratory and real-world settings. a. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. calfe & Wiebe, 1987). The medium acrobat is on the left of the large a. problem 1 can be solved by b-a-2c and works for all problems however. compared performance with 2 groups and gownd the second group used short we solution for 7 and 8 where only 23 in first group used faster problem =, mental set created by solving proems 1-6 inhibited them from sing the simple solution for 7 and 8 =, newell and simon 1972 saw problems in terms of, conceived the problem solving as involving a sequence of choices of step with each step creating an intermediate state =, initial state, goal state and all intermediate states, all possible configurations of discs on pegs =, according to newell and simon participant has to search the problem space to find a solution and one way to direct the search is to use strategy called, reduce the difference between initial and goal states and is achieved by sbgoals, intermediate states that are closer to the goal, problem solving involved searching for the best possible solution or the one hat creates the least amount of difference =, difficult tp specify a clear goal state many real lief problems, problems that have a correct answer usually procedures when applied will lead to a solution, technique of using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution of a new problem, how people can transfer their experience from solving one problem to solving another similar problem, to study enological transfer participants who are trying to solve a __________ presented with a story or problem called _____ illustrates a way to solve target problem, radiation and cancer tumor - doctor faced with problem o get rid of tumor but can only get rid of it using high intensity radiation but the healthy tissue will be destroyed if use such intensity what do you do, 10% of participants arrived at solution to bombard tumor with number of low intensity rays from different directions which decoyed tumor without damaging tissue the rays are passing through =, specific elements that make up the problem such as the rays and the tumor this makes noticing difficult because people tend to focus on surface features, underlying principle that governs the solution 0 weak rays used to avoid damaging healthy tissue, structural features in tick and holyoak 1980 =, weak rays used to avoid damaging healthy tissue, by making surface features more similar it helps participants notice the relationship between source story and target story =. ill-defined; Gestaltb. /F2 4 0 R << She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. However, a limitation of this and other classical paradigms for studying insightful and non-insightful problem solving is related to the fact that they use two different His task sets. Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. >> c. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. The title for chapter eight was Analogizing which is commonly misinterpreted as similarities between objects or concepts. general principles that problems share.c. /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding 16 0 R b/t how people solve insight & non-insight problems. Quiz 12 - Problem Solving Flashcards | Quizlet 2. how analogies can be used to solve problems.b. creative cognition.c. is open-ended.b. a.the solution is immediately obvious. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection, b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify, c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another, d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem, The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. The purpose of this experiment was to . d. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. means-end analysisb. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. pliers are also presented.c. The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known asa. what are some questions for lincolns plan? Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. /Encoding 16 0 R warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _____ prior to the solution of an insight problem & ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight one. Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if. the elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: The typical purpose of subgoals is to ___, bring the problem solver closer to the goal state, The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine, what information a person is attending to while solving a problem, using the solution of one problem in order to solve another problem is called, The solution to the Russian Marriage problem can be applied to solving the _____ problem, Dunker's radiation problem involved the destruction of a, The restructured radiation problem is solved by dividing the _____ into many, When solving analogous source problems, most people don't make the connection between the _______ story and the target problem, Analogical problem solving requires people to __________ a relationship between a source story and a target story, Correspondence between a source sorry and a target story is called, The underlying principle that governs the solution process of analogical transfer is called, People can discover the similar structural features between two problems using a learned technique called. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juiced. /F5 7 0 R The purpose of this experiment was to 27. present one sample design for a brief period.c. Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. In analogical problem solving, the ______ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. operators.d. /BaseFont /Courier Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. participants in the _____ group had the fastest response time. /Encoding 16 0 R /ExtGState << /GS1 17 0 R >> >> The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of: In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition. 7 0 obj Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. surface features.b. The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ______ problem. /Type /Font Continuing to take the street to the north represents ___________. Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?
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