Psychol. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Erlbaum), 193219. Hence, the proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive, and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. Hypnosis Scripts At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? After the arrival of millions of Irish, the 15th Amendment enfranchised millions of African American men in 1870. J. Pers. Br. In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. (2002). Clark, R. D. and Maas, A. Majority and minority influence: Source position imbalance as a determinant of message scrutiny. What can a person's eyes tell you about what they are thinking? Take Psychologist World's 5-minute memory test to measure your memory. Moreover, the informational influence strategy may be combined differently with other strategies (e.g., procedural tools, threats, coalition-building) in service of a particular motive. Their influence raises important questions about the conditions under which minorities will (non) seek social change. Our history shows that Americas demographic boundaries evolve with the countrys composition. This socio-cognitive conflict may be resolved over time such that some majority members privately adopt the minority position. From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. Groups in which members are obedient to accepted norms tend to engage in groupthink, whereby long-held views are upheld without question. ETNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS - Academia.edu Curr. A study of normative and informational influences upon individual judgment, J. Abnorm. Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. Midterm 3 study guide Flashcards | Chegg.com Bull. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(86)90022-3. The civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950s and 60s used minority influence to gain support for the equal rights of citizens, irrespective of race. Influence and its aftermath: Motives for agreement among minorities and majorities, in Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. (2009). Opin. 1. eds. What does Milgram's obedience study tell us about why online communication can become increasingly harmful? For example, at what point in time do minorities voice their non-normative opinions? doi: 10.1002/ejsp.388. Eur. Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191, De Groeve, B., and Rosenfeld, D. L. (2022). How do our infant relationships affect those we have as we grow older? In spite of a remarkable scientific output, research on minority influence has not addressed its original question about social change. Figure 1. 83, 10951102. have strong norms about how people should behave. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. Levine, J. M., and Choi, H.-S. (2010). Psychol. (1983). Moscovici, S., and Faucheux, C. (1972). A. Psychology approaches, theories and studies explained, Access 2,200+ insightful pages of psychology explanations & theories, Insights into the way we think and behave, Body Language & Dream Interpretation guides. Psychol. Indeed, it is part of the social psychology canon as evident by its coverage in nearly all social psychology textbooks, handbooks (e.g., Nemeth, 2012; Butera et al., 2017), and encyclopedias (e.g., Crano, 2010). eds. Espousing a behavioral style characterized by temporal consistency, internal consensus, and autonomy and investment in their position, even at the price of reprisals, minorities present a force to be reconed with. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. Social influence can occur when a minority (small group) changes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of a majority; this is known as minority influence. Whereas these two motives for exerting social influence fit the classical dual-motive scheme for responding to social influence (Deutsch and Gerard, 1955), the third, social control motive has been largely neglected in the social influence literature. Appetite 168:105693. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105693, Deutsch, M., and Gerard, H. B. 31, 595609. For example, in their analysis of minority influence in political decision-making groups, Levine and Kaarbo (2001) argued that influence strategies employed by political minorities may go beyond informational influence to include the reinforcement (i.e., reward, punishment) and procedural strategies (see also Smith and Diven, 2002). The conflict elaboration theory of social influence, in Understanding Group Behavior: Small Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. Klandermans, B. Am. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. (PDF) Majority and Minority Influence - ResearchGate Acad. The longer the new majority spent secure in its new position, the more similar they perceived themselves to the group and the more attractive they found the group. In contrast, minority influence occurs Successful conversion of a sufficient number of group members to the minority position reverses positions (majority minority), representing a loss for the former majority and a gain for the former minority. eds. Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. A. Kruglanski and W. Stroebe (New York: Psychology Press), 321339. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.005, Brewer, M. B. Gordijn, E. H., de Vries, N. K. and de Dreu, C. K. W. (2002). Prislin, R. (2010). 97, 811822. S. Harkins, K. D. Williams, and J. M. Burger (New York: Oxford University Press), 317337. 117, 497529. Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Similar asymmetry but in the opposite direction has been documented in distribution of social burdens (e.g., illnesses, crime), which are heavier on minorities than majorities. Psychol. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. A. Jung, J., Bramson, A., Crano, W. D., Page, S. E., and Miller, J. H. (2021). Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. Personal. However, for some minorities (e.g., LGBT, ethnic, racial minorities), this path to social change is neither desirable nor feasible. 3. eds. An individual who associates the group with hippies and protests may find it difficult to identify with the group at the time, but over many years, the groups views become mainstream and the person becomes more environmentally conscientious. Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. Issues 74, 112128. Vol. Crano, W. D. (2001). Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. What are self-affirmations and how can they be used to ward off cognitive dissonance? What the Majority Minority Shift Really Means for America Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: qualitative versus quantitative differences. The effects of this social change on the new majoritys reactions toward the group in which they prevailed were assessed immediately after the change, and one-, two-, three-, four- and five-weeks after the change. Dr. Gest is a political scientist who studies and writes about immigration, nativism and demographic change. The confidence of a minority can also affect its ability to influence other members. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. Nemeth, C. J. (1991). 35, 137149. 28, 640647. Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence. Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. Psychol. This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. This private conversion may cautiously be communicated to others, thus, gradually becoming public. Apparently, a hard-earned social capital in the form of former opponents support paid high dividends as successful minorities became increasingly efficient in their advocacy. (eds.) Albert Bandura's influential Bobo doll experiments reveal how children imitate TV violence and the behavior of others. While standing firm, minorities must also convey a level of open-mindedness in acknowledging others positions to avoid being perceived as rigid (Papastamou and Mugny, 1985). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 42, 2530. F. Butera and J. M. Levine (Cambridge University Press), 333353. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23. Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. Unlike majority influence, minority influence can rarely Psychol. eds. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. (2000). Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Soon to win the White House, Theodore Roosevelt found these developments alarming. This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. In order to change the majorities view the minority has to propose a clear position and has to defend and advocate its position consistently. Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. Through a historical lens, being white in America today is like belonging to a once-exclusive social club that had to loosen its membership criteria to stay afloat. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. They have been conducted within the framework of the gain-loss asymmetry model of change in minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). Regarding the social validation motive, minorities, of course, must have an initial sense of correctness in order to start exerting influence (Prislin and Christensen, 2009). Nemeth and Wachtler (1974) conducted an experiment in which a group of participants (including a confederate) were asked to decide the amount of compensation that ought to be awarded to a person who had been injured. (1979). Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). Importantly, most of these studies were conducted within the information processing (persuasion) framework, elucidating cognitive responses to a minority (vs. majority) advocacy and eventual attitudinal changes on the objects of advocacy (e.g., Mackie, 1987; Baker and Petty, 1994; Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. WebMajority influence occurs when people conform to certain beliefs and behaviours in order to be accepted by others. Pers. eds. Soc. Over time, however, successful minoritys initial tepid reactions should increase in positivity if their newly won majority position stabilizes within the group (Hypothesis 1, see below Agenda item 1). This original momentum may subsequently garner greater support and even turn majorities into advocates for change who, in the process of social cryptomnesia, often forget its originators (Mugny and Prez, 1989). While conformity involves pressure from the majority on an individual, minority influence puts pressure on the majority. J. Soc. A case for diversity in research on minority influence, in Majority and Minority Influence: Societal Meaning and Cognitive Elaboration. Adopting a motivational approach holds promise of advancing our understanding of the roles minorities play in originating social change. Caporael, L. R., and Baron, R. M. (1997). If there are reasons for optimism, they include signs of an increasing theoretical and methodological diversity in our discipline. Comparative analyses from multiple lines of research have documented an asymmetry in distribution of tangible benefits (e.g., jobs, wealth) and intangible benefits (e.g., validation, status) favoring majorities over minorities. J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 149202. Within this context, evidence exists Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. The complexity of these asymmetries suggests multiple specific motives behind minorities pursuit of social change. Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). (eds.) All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. The challenge may be great but not insurmountable. Only by incorporating a time perspective in our research can these variations be captured (Arrow et al., 2000). Creative problem-solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence. The innovative theorizing about active minorities and their effect on the world revitalized research on social influence. 6. ed. Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. 14. ed. Latan, B. (1990). (1974). Rev. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. As a majority view gained the support of more members, individuals holding an opposite viewpoint were less able to influence the group. This may be especially true for new majorities (former minorities) who earn their position through social change. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. Bull. Moscovicis initial theorizing makes it clear that changing an individuals mind is, at most, a potential intermediatory step toward social change. Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. (2012). 16, 4373. And even if the Census Bureaus categories reinforce the racial boundaries that too often divide American society, these categories are also starting to show signs of their mutability. The researchers found that when the confederate seated themselves, without guidance, at the head seat, other participants were more likely to agree with their suggestion of an amount of compensation than if they followed the experimenter's directions. eds. Cyberbullying has become more prevalent with increasing technological advances in our society. 4. Even a revolutionary change progresses to its culminating tipping point after a period of build-up that requires time. Minority influence is a type of social influence which results in a change ofviews amongstthe majority of members within a group. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. Studies done in this tradition have generated valuable insights into the nature and outcomes of minority influence, specifying conditions under which a minority exerts influence and the processing underlying such influence. Decision making, in Group Processes. Social influence can take numerous forms. Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. Consensual Action by Small Groups. Because of the vital role social support plays in sustaining any argued position (Prislin and Wood, 2005), gaining social support by virtue of social change (minority majority) should increase a successful minoritys capacity to continue to advocate their position. Papastamou, S., Gardikiotis, A., and Prodromitis, G. In the group, confederates were instructed to misidentify the slides as being green, contrary to participants own observations. (2009). Psychol. Self-organizing social systems: necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of consolidation, clustering, and continuing diversity, in Progress in Communication Science: Persuasion. Copping With Minority Status. The model postulates that the many comparative advantages of the majority position over the minority position generally result in the former being preferred over the later. She suggests that the result of minority influence, when compared to majority influence, is that the former nurtures divergent thinking, whereas compliance with the demands of the majority reduces differences in opinion amongst a groups members (Nemeth, 1986). Soc. Bull. In counting the American people, the Census Bureau may distinguish between Black, white, Asian and Hispanic, but it indiscriminately recognizes them all as fellow Americans as people who count and therefore must be counted. A rare empirical study of the dynamic nature of social influence focused on reciprocity of influence. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Indeed, the results revealed a significant linear increase in positive reactions toward the group over time. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. eds. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. Minority influence in political decision-making, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Moscovici broke the spell, pointing out that the conceptualization runs afoul of a self-evident truth about the ever-changing world. Soc. Whereas most minorities seek social change, they do so for a variety of reasons that originate from a variety of disadvantageous social, economic, and psychological conditions. If so, then prolonged experience in the new majority position should be reassuring, facilitating the new majoritys acceptance of the group as their own. Social influence in groups, in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 122159. An example of this would be when a green group promotes responsible behavior,such as recycling, as a way of protecting wildlife. 2. eds. Psychol. Prislin, R., and Crano, W. D. (2012). ^Search was performed using the following key words: minority influence, defiance, deviance, innovation, social influence and change/effect/impact. Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). (2011). To the extent that acceptance means a state of cognitive merging with a group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), it cannot be satisfied through acquiescence, which implies affiliation, not integration, with others. (2002). J. Pers. Soc. Day 64 of '75 Days of Partition' - Partition's impacts on - Facebook Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). Unlike compliance, where a person changes his or her outward behavior but not their private opinions, minority influence can have a lasting effect on an individuals views and behavior even when they leave the group. With much of the competition between the races reducing itself to the warfare of the cradle, he wrote in 1894, no race has any chance to win a great place unless it consists of good breeders as well as of good fighters.. Leffet de cryptomnsie sociale [The social cryptomnesia effect]. Clark and Maass (1990) found that the size of the majority within a group can affect the ability of a minority to influence members. 86, 11911201. (2001). Consider various human rights groups in history and in the present (civil rights movement in the 60s, LGBT rights, women's voting rights, Black Lives Matter, etc.). How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. Learn to interpret body language signals and better understand people's emotions. ed. Because of the earlier discussed asymmetry in reactions to losses and gains, the presumed intensely negative reactions of the former majorities, but only mildly positive reactions of the former minorities, should render the group weak immediately after experiencing social change via conversion. Seeking conversion versus advocating tolerance in pursuit of social change. Group Processes. Soc. Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. Measure your stress levels with this 5-minute stress test. Contact Us The Power of Minorities. Try the easy-to-remember FORM technique, A new study claims that appreciation of black humor is a sign of intelligence, Asch: Social Influence, Conforming in Groups. doi: 10.1177/0146167202288008, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2002). 93, 2332. Social Psychology 4th Edition By Tom Gilovich - Test Bank P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. (1997). eds. For example, the dynamic social impact model posits the strength, immediacy, and the number of sources of influence as three critical factors (Latan, 1996). A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). Soc. Psychol. Levine, J. M., and Tindale, R. S. (2015). His subsequent conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) focused exclusively on cognitive processes underlying minority vs. majority influence and the resultant nature of attitudinal (not social!) R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. This research has also documented many contingencies for such impact, including newcomers and the existing group members idiosyncratic and shared characteristics (for reviews, see Levine and Prislin, 2013; Levine and Tindale, 2015). Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). Latan, B., and Nowak, A. A minority opinion is also termed dissenting Psychol. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence. eds. The effects of majority size on minority influence. Vol. How is that private change communicated over time? 35, 179199. The many advantages associated with majority positions, along with the many disadvantages associated with minority positions (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Prislin and Christensen, 2005a), fuel minorities attempts at social change. Minority influence - Wikipedia However, as pointed out by Levine and Tindale (2015), the overall findings suggest that in those rare circumstances when minorities do prevail, they tend do so through informational processes, by forcing a majority to question the validity of its position. Psychol. Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. Psychol. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. eds. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: The suffragette movement, which sought to gain the right to vote for women in the UK in the early 20th Century. 79, 385397. To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society?
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