Jujube Candy. Yuan, Z., Lu, Y., Zhao, J. J. Since it was introduced into neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan 2000 years ago, jujube has spread to at least 48 countries, commercial jujube cultivation has developed at different levels in China, South Korea, Iran, Israel, the United States, Italy, Australia, and other countires2,3,6,7,8. However, in addition to the storage conditions, the duration of fresh jujube storage and the percentage of fruit losses are also influenced by the preharvest cultivation technology and directly by the pathogen load on the fruit in the orchard14,100,113,127,128. Plant Physiol. Google Scholar, Cao FL, Kimmins JP, Wang JR (2012) Competitive interactions in ginkgo and crop species mixed agroforestry systems in Jiangsu, China. Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in 2009BADA4B03), by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (Project No. Liu, P. et al. Sin.32, 10081012 (2005). Many reports on fresh fruit preservation techniques in jujube have been published. PubMed Central The novel field technique for homogeneous polyploidy induction has been successfully applied in sour jujube78 and in elm (data not shown). Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family and their positive responses to phytoplasma invasion in Chinese jujube. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. Therefore, the development of jujube can make efficient use of marginal lands, improve the environment, and provide farmers in rural regions with an agricultural industry that is easy to manage and provides high revenues. Specific reference genes for RT-qPCR of jujube were selected under a variety of conditions and sourced from different tissues/organs, fruit development stages, and biotic/abiotic stresses, providing more choices for further gene expression analysis and functional studies in jujube22,23,24,25,26. Updates? Sin.20, 8691 (1987). Yan, F. F. et al. Planting: Dig a hole big enough to accommodate the root system. Sin.36, 807813 (2009). Discovery and identification of natural triploid ploidy of Chinese jujube cultivar Pingguozao. The l-galactose pathway is the major route for jujube AsA biosynthesis, and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway show high-level expression during fruit development12. Eng.3, 131136 (2016). The key techniques included peeling off the seed coat, culturing young embryos together with their endosperm and reverse inoculating young embryos with the chalazal end pointed down on the medium. Plant Physiol.224-225, 110 (2018). Cite this article. The major advances in this period included grafting techniques (1000 YA), intercropping (600 YA), fresh fruit storage in ice rooms (200 YA), shifting the girdling time from winter to the flowering season, and processing candied jujubes, jujube wine, and jujube vinegar. Fu found that controlled freezing-point storage was better than normal cold storage in terms of delaying ripening and aging126. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry The major requirements to meet farmers needs are reducing inputs, increasing output and accelerating economic returns. Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al. Chem. More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. Zhang, C., Huang, J., Yin, X., Lian, C. & Li, X. Jujube has also been successfully grafted onto Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lam.) The classification system for the Ziziphus genus was proposed based on field investigations, textual research on specimens and historical documents65. found that the respiration rate, ethylene release, and cell membrane permeability of Dongzao stored at 00.5C were significantly inhibited compared with those of jujube stored at room temperature121. Study on cAMP in branch and leaf of Chinese jujube and seedlings of wild jujube. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. & Xu, J. & Gao, Q. Genome-wide identification, characterization of the MADS-box gene family in Chinese jujube and their involvement in flower development. In the last 30 years, various new products, such as jujube juice, jujube powder, jujube slices, jujube tea, jujube beer, jujube essence, and jujube pigment, have been developed149. J. Hort. Acta Hortic. In recent years, equipment for jujube fruit sorting or integrated cleaning and sorting has been developed and widely applied in the jujube industry in China133,134,135. The evaluations have covered morphological, agronomical, cytological, palynological, nutritional, and reproductive biological traits, as well as biotic resistance and abiotic tolerance2,35,36,37. Hortic.249, 263270 (2019). The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future. Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin (2013). Google Scholar. Stnic, F. & Vasile, S. A. Chinese datea new promising fruit plant for Romania southern areas. research in Romania. Chen et al. The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Jiangxiensis35, 935939 (2013). & Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. Anther/pollen culture has also been practiced in jujube, and some plants have been generated from pollen73,83. It was discovered that an autotetraploid sour jujube had higher tolerance to salinity than the diploid, and its preliminary molecular mechanism was illustrated80,81. How to Grow Jujube Trees (Chinese Date) Pruning Flowering and Fruiting BMC Genom.20, 464 (2019). The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. It only needs light pruning because of its unique self-pruning habits: fruit-bearing shoots fall off in the fall, mother-bearing shoots extend only ~1mm a year, secondary shoots die back year by year, and only the tops of the primary shoots can extend (Fig. . Zhang, W., Rao, J., Li, K., Li, W. & Wu, Y. Liu, P. et al. We can simulate the growth trend of the bearing jujube based on different length conditions and use L ( d) = l max 1 + e a - r d to calculate the length of the bearing jujube based on different growth days. High-efficiency management systems for the main diseases and pests in jujube mentioned above have been established in China3,46,103. Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (2016). The traditional production technology maturation period (Northern Wei Dynastythe founding of the Peoples Republic of China, or 500 CE1949 CE). Genom.11, 809 (2015). Since, I have read a few horror stories about the invasive jujube root systems (e.g. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China, W. Zhang,P. Ahanbieke,B. J. Wang&L. H. Li, Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, 830091, Xinjiang, China, Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK, You can also search for this author in Shandong Agricultural University, Taian (2008). Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Root distribution chronosequence of a dense dwarfed jujube plantation Guo, Y. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Internet Explorer). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5. PubMed performed reference collection and analysis. Fruit scientific research in new China in the past 70 years: Chinese jujube. 4) and maintains the high yield at over 15t/ha 35 years later, which is 35 years earlier than this yield could be achieved in a traditional orchard104. Rapid SNP discovery and a RAD-Based high-density linkage map in jujube (Ziziphus Mill.). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. var. Li, D. Descriptors and Data Standard for Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2006). Qi, Y. in Bucureti area. Sci. Zhao, Z. et al. Liu, D., Ye, X. Given the demands of the new era, the development tendencies of the modern fruit industry and the new technologies available, jujube research in China is facing a series of important challenges. Wild jujube (Z. lotus) and Christs thorn jujube (Z. spina-christi) are related species, though not commonly cultivated. Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. At present, there are two opposing viewpoints about the respiratory type of jujube fruit, i.e., climacteric or nonclimacteric, even for the same cultivar (Dongzao)116,117,118. Agrofor Syst 50:116, Friday JB, Fownes JH (2002) Competition for light between hedgerows and maize in an alley cropping system in Hawaii, USA. J. spinosa plants from leaf explants. Sci. Exploration and practice of a next generation cultivation system for Chinese jujube characterized by labor- saving, safety, high-quality and high-profit. J. The roots of Jujube tree can better stretch in the new pot soil and quickly adapt to the new soil. In the last 10 years, a high-efficiency hybrid breeding technology system combining male-sterile germplasm, embryo rescue, net control hybridization, and molecular identification was established. During this period, jujube began to be introduced to neighboring countries in Asia, such as Japan and South Korea, and began to spread to Central Asia and Europe through the ancient Silk Road. Sugar transport played a more important role than sugar biosynthesis in fruit sugar accumulation during Chinese jujube domestication. J. Hortic. It was revealed that jujube has very strong resistance to abiotic stress, including drought, barren soils, and saline and alkali conditions. When I planted my Jujube as a bare root tree, I chopped it down to knee height about 2 feet tall and it finished the summer around 9 feet. To perform nutritional analysis and intensive processing on jujube, efficient extraction and determination methods were established and optimized for 23 kinds of nutrient components (7 vitamins, 3 triterpenic acids, 8 amino acids, aromatics, cAMP, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and pigments) in jujube54,136,137,138,139,140,141,142. However, high-efficiency, low-cost practical management systems for fruit cracking and fruit shrinking disease have not been developed; these conditions have a great influence on jujube yield and quality. CAS and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng67,68. This is a result of several key obstacles, including the extreme difficulty of emasculation of small flowers (~5mm in diameter), the low fruit-setting rate (only ~1%) and the high embryo abortion rate. The ethylene and ABA pathways are involved in regulating jujube fruit ripening30,31. Approximately 1500 YA (the Northern Wei Dynasty), Jia Simiao wrote a famous agricultural book called Qi Min Yao Shu that not only recorded 45 jujube cultivars but also described cultivar selection breeding, orchard site selection, planting times and methods, flower thinning, girdling, harvesting, and jujube paste processing. Liu, M. & Wang, J. Change of several nutrients in Jun jujube during drying process. Dried Chinese Jujubes (Standards Press of China, 2009). Several high-density genetic linkage maps have been constructed based on segregation populations of JMS2Xing16, DongzaoLinyilizao, DongzaoJinsi 4, and DongzaoYinshanhong17,90,91,92. Univ.21, 8691 (1999). For . Sci.36, 13691381 (2019). Rep.8, 15612 (2018). & Jiang, Y.) var. The use of Paliurus hemsleyanus Rehd. The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits9,10 (Table 2). Based on the classical taxonomic system, jujube is listed in the Rhamnaceae family, Rhamnales order63. In recent years, the interploidy hybridization of jujube and the interspecific hybridization between jujube and sour jujube were successfully carried out20,84,85. Recently, some excellent new cultivars for fresh eating, such as Jinsi 4, Yueguang, Zaohongmi, Zaocumi, and Zaoqiuhong, and some for dehydration, such as Yuangling 2, Shuguang, Zanshuo, Yushuai, and Linhuang 1, with larger fruit, higher quality and higher resistance to fruit diseases than traditional cultivars, have become the dominant cultivars. J. Agric. var. How to Grow a Jujube Tree. Using the genome data, 511 pairs of SSR primers showing high polymorphism were screened and applied for the identification of large-scale hybrid progeny and a genetic diversity analysis18,19,20. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). J. Hebei Agric. Qu et al. Sin.33, 374377 (2006). Effects of controlled atmosphere storage and calcium treatment on the storage of Chinese jujube in fresh state. Shandong Fruits17, 13 (1985). Spatial distribution of roots in a dense jujube plantation in the Sci.29, 366373 (2012). Jiang, H. & Liu, M. Studies on polyploid induction of Chinese jujube with colchicine. Until now, a total of 25 triploid, tetraploid, and octoploid strains have been created, among which three excellent tetraploid strains have been released as new cultivars by the Hebei Forestry Cultivar Examination and Approval Committee75,76,77. Its flower bud differentiation and fruit set habit are also very distinct, with a short flower bud differentiation time (10 days), a 2-month flowering season, and a low fruit set of only ~1%. CAS In particular, the use of sour jujube seeds, rather than pits, to obtain rootstocks has become the mainstream method; using this method, the seedlings grow faster and more uniformly than in rootstocks obtained from pits2. & Ma, Z. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. A historic leap has been achieved from the initial stage of focusing on summarizing production experiences to a new era of innovative research throughout the whole industry chain covering breeding, cultivation, pest management, fruit storage, transportation, and processing; from morphological research to comprehensive research at the levels of the plant, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, and gene; and from the research of a few individuals to national and international research collaborations. A novel method for rapid in vivo induction of homogeneous polyploids via calluses in a woody fruit tree (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). The jujube genome provides insights into genome evolution and the domestication of sweetness/acidity taste in fruit trees. Kor. Wang, L., Wang, H. & Wang, C. Effect of O2 and CO2 concentration on respiration, relative electrical conductivity, contents of chlorophyll and skin color of Dongzao jujube fruit. Cambridge University Press, New York, Wanvestraut RH, Jose S, Nair PKR, Brecke BJ (2004) Competition for water in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States. In the two cases mentioned above, all the offspring from self-fruitless or self-sterile parents can be directly regarded as authentic hybrids.
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